CURRICULUM VITAE - July  2023

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Richard D. Braley
BA Humboldt State Uni., M.Sc. Uni. Guam, Ph.D. Uni. NSW.

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Name: Richard Donald Braley

Citizenship: Australia

Birthplace: Joliet, Illinois, U.S.A.

Date of Birth: 9 July, 1949

Marital Status: Married to Cornelia (Nell) Braley

Children: Fia Braley (born in 1994)

Address: AQUASEARCH  6-10 Elena Street, Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Qld. 4819. AUSTRALIA

P/F: +61 (07) 4778 5096

E: giantclamman@gmail.com

W:  www.aquasearch.net.au

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ACADEMIC SUMMARY

• Humboldt State University, Arcata, Calif., U.S.A.
  B.A. Biology 1971 (+ one year graduate studies in Marine Biology).

• University of Guam (Marine Laboratory), Guam
  M.Sc. Biology 1981 (Thesis on reproductive periodicity in tropical oysters)

• University of New South Wales, Kensington, N.S.W., Australia
  Ph.D. Zoology (Ph.D. Thesis on reproductive ecology and early life history of giant clams) 1987.

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EXPERIENCE SUMMARY
 

8June 2023 (World Oceans Day)

This day was the launch of the Ocean Sentinels snorkel trail at \john Brewer Reef as part of MOUA (Museum of Underwater Art\\\\0, Townsville.  I have been honored for  my lifelong research on giant clams with a statue of me morphing out of a giant cloam.  The artist , \Jason deCaires Taylor,lives in \the UK. scuptures were made of coral researchers, young environmentalists and myself. The photos below were taen at \john Brewer Reef.  See undwerwater scuptures at ww.moua.com.au under \ocean Sentinels.

 

ay 2006 - present:

Summertime breeding of anemonefish (Amphiprion percula, A. melanopus, Premnas biaculeatus) and maintaining our Aquasearch marine public aquarium for educational purposes on Magnetic Island, North Queensland, Australia.

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Aquasearch has a prototype aquaponics system for a home. This project was included in a workshop on marine and freshwater culture for a select group of teenagers. A video was made of that workshop.

Ongoing research on giant clam study sites which were mapped 3 decades ago with the early assistance of Dr. Walter Starck on his research vessel El Torito.  Also trips to Myrmidon Reef with the Australian Instittute of Marine Science to help establish the field sites. Later assistance came through Undersea Explorer dive company [from Port Douglas to reefs including Rachel Carsen and Lizard Island] and Passions of Paradise [from Cairns to Michaelmas Cay]. Dr. Andrew Lewis, resident of Magnetic Island, has collected giant clam population dynamics with me from 3 research reefs 3 times over the past decade.  We plan to produce a paper in future on these results.

Planning for a multi-species hatchery in conjunction with Aboriginal people. Djulin Marine Aboriginal Corporation (DMAC) was  established and Dr. Braley is contact person for this fledgling corporation. DMAC’s 3 objectives are: 1) aquaculture products, 2) training, 3) eco-tourism. The idea is for a multi-species marine hatchery / nursery on Fantome Island (Palms Islands) being the site for seed or fry production. Farms to be started up in the Palm Islands or elsewhere would grow out the seed or fry produced at the Magnetic Island facility. We hope that James Cook University will work closely with this idea.  In late 2019 and in 2020 the RRRC (Reef Rainforest Research Centre) has been working on a proposal to train some Palm Islanders in broodstock, hatchery to ocean nursery culture of giant clams at Orpheus Island Research Station (OIRS).  If funded I will run the training at OIRS..

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Magnetic Island Snorkel Trails

Whilst being a committee member for Tourism  Magnetic Island, Inc. (TMI), I was successful in obtaining a grant from Qld. Treasury Community Benefit funds to set up two Snorkel Trails on Magnetic Island (Nelly Bay and Geoffrey Bay). These were launched in mid-August 2012 and have been popular on Magnetic Island. There are surface floats with handles to delineate the trails and sub-surface float with large acrylic letters between the surface floats. Waterproof swim cards can be attached to the wrist which give information related to the letters. Sub-surface floats were removed several years later, leaving just /surace floats to guide snorkelers on the trails.

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In mid-2013 I obtained permits from GBRMPA to translocate 14 cultured giant clams from the White Lady Bay site to the two snorkel trails. The clams are now a feature in the trails. New road signs, swim cards, and other ad material were procured from a grant obtained from the Queensland Country Credit Union in 2014.

I am also a marine science contributor for Magnetic Island History and Craft Centre (Museum).

 

Artwork

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When we began lockdown for the COVID-19 Pandemic in late March 2020 I I joined the Magnetic Island Artist group and began painting in watercolour, at first in lockdown and later meeting on Wednesday mornings with the group for plein air painting at various locations on the island.  My  website has a page with low resolution images of my paintings. .This has been most enjoyable.

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October - November 201​9:

Ran a giant clam hatchery and land nursery training through the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and for Tahiti Marine Aquaculture for 24 days using T. maxima broodstock. I produced two reports. Work and training done in Tahiti.

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November  - December 2018:

Trip to Tahiti to assist Tahiti Marine Aquaculture with their fledgling hatchery for giant clams (T. maxima) for 24 days.

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May 2017:

Brief 1 week trip to southern China, invited by Prof. Ziniu Yu to give a seminar the Chinese Academy of Science in Guanzuo and then Sanya, Hainan Island where a small hatchery is located.  We looked for reef sites where culture of the clams could take place and advised them on methods of culture to increase survival and growth.

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September - October 2017:

Consultancy with the University of the Sunshine Coast to carry out research on Tridacna noae in Kavieng,  New Irelnand, PNG along with Prof. Paul Southgate and Thane Militz.  We produced published papers from this and earlier work in 2016.

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March - April and September - October 2016:

Consultancy with the University of the Sunshine Coast to carry out research on Tridacna noae in Kavieng,  New Irelnand, PNG

I carried out research work with Prof. Paul Southgate and Thane Militz.

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September - October 2011:
Consultancy through Eco-Consult Pacific, Co. Ltd. (Fiji) to run a training course for Micronesia Management and Marketing of Giant Clams, Phase II, in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia.  The purpose of the training was to improve hatchery and nursery techniques, resulting in improved production levels to enable MMME significantly improve the company’s profitability.  In addition, a second seawater intake pipeline was setup with a sub-sand intake for cleaner seawater, and advice was given to modify the ocean nursery for both giant clams and coral frag culture.

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February 2004 - March 2006:

Recruited through Atlas Pacific PL (parent company) and working for PT Cendana Indopearls (Indonesian company) at Bacan area, north Maluku Province, Indonesia. Duties include managing work for approximately 70 staff [8 cleaning teams, 2 selection teams, longline team, anchor making team, hatchery team, kitchen staff and other camp staff], short and long-term planning, ordering, communications, and organizing the sending of oysters by ship (in seawells) to other company farms. Moved to the main farm (Alyui, on Wageo Isl., W. Papua Province, Indonesia) in October 2004 as Assistant Project Manager. Two year contract completed.

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November 2001- January 2004:

Re-organising of my private laboratory and aquarium. Experimental work on maintaining blacklip pearl oysters in recirculation seawater system, further work with cultured giant clams, and new emphasis on freshwater and saltwater aquarium fish breeding. A particular species of interest is breeding the clown anemonefish (Amphiprion percula). Broodstock collection from reef. The first three educational CD-ROMs by Aquasearch lab produced in the first half of 2003 (coral reef organisms and giant clams).

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January 2001- October 2001:

Brackishwater Hatchery Specialist with the ARMP (Agriculture Research Management Project), Bangladesh. brackishwater and marine hatchery design modifications (recirculation systems), research plans, operational manual, training courses. Species include seabass (barramundi), mullet, mudcrab, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus monodon and other potential ones. Total duration of project - 9 months.

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August - October 2000:

Troubleshooting for a scallop hatchery (Amusium balloti) in Geraldton, Western Australia. Remodeled hatchery to include recirculation/biofiltration and ran 5 batches of larvae, 3 which settled in moderately good numbers. Trained technician on-site.

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May - June 2000:

Short-term consultancy with the Torres Strait Regional Authority regarding a feasibility study to look at the potential of a Multi-Species hatchery for the Torres Strait region. The conultancy involved a 1-work week visit to Torres Strait [Thursday Is., Horne Is., Hammond Is., and Yorke Is.] for information gathering and completion of a comprehensive feasibility report. Species being considered include: giant clams, trochus, abalone, greensnail, pearl oysters, and sandfish sea cucumbers.

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August - November 1999:

Trip to French Polynesia for on-site training of hatchery technicians for the new Blacklip Pearl Oyster Hatchery designed by Aquasearch at Fakarava Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago [for SC Otikao, Mr. John Rere]. Training included microalgal culture, setup, dry lab setup and microscope use, spawning methods, larval rearing (5 larvallarval batches), spat culture and care, outdoor mass algal culture, spawning and care of larval and juvenile trochus. Training manual produced.

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December 1998:

Initial trip to French Polynesia to present a Draft Plan for a Blacklip Pearl Oyster Hatchery for a private pearl farmer based in Tahiti, and main farm site for the hatchery at Fakarava Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. Contract signed to design, fit-out, and train staff for the planned hatchery by end of August 1999.

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January - December 1998:

Setup of home occupation laboratory for Aquasearch. This includes two recirculation seawater systems, outdoor tanks, labs, freshwater aquarium fish, and a public viewing aquarium featuring cultured giant clams. Production will include f1 and f2 giant clam seed, trochus, pearl oysters, and marine aquarium fish.

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July - December 1996 (& March - July & August - December 1997):

Asian Development Bank Consultant (Proj. TA 2322-COO) at Tongareva Marine Research Centre, Penrhyn atoll, northern Cook Islands. Setup of pearl oyster hatchery (Pinctada margaritifera) and on-site training of staff; extension work with pearl farmers, imparting environmental awareness amongst Island community; research and monitoring. A commercial spat production of ~ 450,000 took place in mid-1997.

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January - February 1997:

Short-term consultancy with Northern Territory University, Darwin. With Dr. C. Lee of NTU visited Broome, W.A. to discuss MSH (multi-species hatchery) concept with officials and Kimberley Aboriginal groups who would benefit; drew up conceptual designs for floorplans, seawater delivery system, drainage, aeration, etc.; wrote manuals for the MSH for trochus and giant clams.

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May - June 1996:

AQUASEARCH setup and trained technicians at world's first commercial Trochus niloticus hatchery; first spawning successful with an estimated 1,000,000 juveniles 2-3cm shell base diameter in Nov. 1996.

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January - February 1996:

AQUASEARCH prepared/submitted proposal to City Council for a Home Occupation laboratory and recirculation hatchery [seawater and freshwater] to be developed at the AQUASEARCH base on Magnetic Island.

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December 1995:

AQUASEARCH advising on potential mariculture development (a site with infrastructure ... wharf, cold stores) in Eastern Indonesia.

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November - December 1995:

AQUASEARCH advising a pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) farm - Eastern Indonesia. Design and setup of commercial hatchery/land nursery for culture of topshell, Trochus niloticus, and greensnail, Turbo marmoratus. The facility (50m x 12m floor area) includes ~ 200,000 litres total culture tank volume. Design and placement of seawater intake system, plumbing/reticulation, aeration and drainage was accomplished. Technicians were trained methods for broodstock collection, setup of temporary hatchery, spawning induction, larval rearing, algal culture.

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September - November 1995:

AQUASEARCH - tagging and measurement of cultured 9.75 yr old Tridacna gigas at permit sites on the north-central Great Barrier Reef.

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January - July 1995:

AQUASEARCH subcontracting for I.D.P. Education Australia for 6 months as a Mariculture/Water Systems Specialist for the MSEP - CPIU. The work involved visits to 6 MSEP Universities to advise on plans for new seawater systems and other mariculture developments; produced ACTION PLANS in meetings with contractors and University officials; permanent seawater committees were formed to be responsible for the systems; workshops, seminars or lectures for mariculture classes, obtained technical equipment for microalgae culture labs, assisted student and staff research plans and ongoing research. MSEP Universities involved were: IPB, Bogor, Java; UNDIP, Semarang, Java; UNRI, Pakenbaru, Sumatra; UNHAS, Unjung Pandang, So. Sulawesi; UNSRAT, Manado, No. Sulawesi; UNPATTI, Ambon, Maluku.

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August - November 1994:

AQUASEARCH subcontracting for I.D.P. Education Australia for 3 months as Mariculture Specialist for Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia. Work similar to previous assignment here, but I concentrated on live foods culture (phytoplankton and rotifers), workshops, and hatchery.

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January - July 1994:

AQUASEARCH subcontracting for I.D.P. Education Australia for 6 months as Mariculture Specialist (Hatchery Management) - Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. A hatchery on Barrang Lompo Island brought to running condition and the first successful large spawning of giant clams in Indonesia demonstrated by me here. At 3 months of age the cohort was a world record survival; seminars, workshops, and assistance with research projects.

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July - December 1993:

Work at AQUASEARCH based on Magnetic Island. Construction of house and lab.

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May - July 1993:

AQUASEARCH consultancy for James Cook University and private business in Jakarta (PT Minasanega Persada) to look for suitable sites for mariculture of giant clams in eastern Indonesia.

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July 1992 - May 1993:

AQUASEARCH subcontracting for I.D.P. Education Australia for 9 months as a Mariculture Specialist for the Indonesian A.D.B. loan on the Marine Science and Education Project. Assignment in Ambon - Pattimura University; work involves upgrade of existing hatchery for practical teaching of larval rearing and hatchery techniques/protocol for students and staff; written contributions to the curriculum for aquaculture, seminars, assistance with research projects.

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May 1992:

AQUASEARCH consultancy to direct 'Clamsaver' - movement of giant clams from Orpheus Is. to outer reefs with the Australian Navy (HMS Tarakan landing craft)...over 6000 T. gigas juveniles (35 cm+) moved in 4 trips; 3 trips were for setting up a long-term experiment on source - sink reefs.

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December 1990+:

Working part-time on plans for my private business, AQUASEARCH. Permits were obtained from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) to secure 1600 5+ yr old giant clams (T. gigas) for placing into 3 sites (two for future commercial purposes, one for research). Making plans for a tourist/research monitoring site on Magnetic Island.

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May - June 1989:

Seconded from the A.C.I.A.R. giant clam project to consult (through AQUASEARCH) for United Nations F.A.O. South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project, Suva, Fiji; survey of giant clam stocks and preliminary survey of pearl oyster resources was conducted at Tokelau Islands of Fakaofo, Nukunonu and Atafu. A comprehensive report prepared.

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May - June 1988:

Seconded from the A.C.I.A.R. giant clam project to consult for United Nations F.A.O. South Pacific Aquaculure Development Project, Suva, Fiji. I lead a giant clam stock survey and aquaculture assessment in the islands of Tuvalu (Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae). The survey included field towing surveys of clam stocks, village questionaire surveys and prepared a comprehensive report with for Tuvalu.

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June 1986 - January 1992:

Research Fellow and Senior Scientific Liaison Officer, Zoology Dept., James Cook University of North Queensland (JCU). The A.C.I.A.R. (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research)/JCU Giant Clam Project was an International Collaborative Project with two Universities in Philippines, a University in Papua New Guinea and Fisheries Divisions/ Departments of Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga, and Tuvalu.

 

I assisted in hatchery, field work and generally advised on developments, directions, and hands-on culture work in all countries. Five hatcheries developed out of this project and I had considerable involvement from planning, design to initial start up.

 

A quarantine system was maintained at Orpheus Island, and we sent giant clam seed to countries where the clams were either re-introduced locally (after local extinction about 15-20 yr. ago), sent to build up badly depleted stocks, or for new introductions for aquaculture use.

 

In Australia we developed many new culture methods; we worked with Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus, but research done with T. derasa, T. squamosa, T. maxima, and T. crocea. We produced an impressive ocean nursery demonstration farm of over 30,000 five and six-year old subadults and over 100,000 younger juveniles at a low intertidal site. Along with Prof. J.S. Lucas and Mr. E. Ledua, we named and described a new species of giant clam, T. tevoroa, from Tonga and Fiji.

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December 1983 - June 1986:

Ph.D. field researcher for Australian Marine Science Technology grant to study Reproduction and Recruitment in Giant Clams and Dietary Preference of their Larvae. The grant was administered in by A.I.M.S. (Australian Institute of Marine Science); work at reef study sites and at Lizard Island Res. Sta. broodstock spawning and larval/juvenile rearing.

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May 1983 - June 1986:

Part-time consultancy on giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), penaeid prawns (Penaeus monodon, P. esculentus, P. merguiensis), and giant clams (Tridacnidae) at Seafarm Pty. Ltd., Flying Fish Point, Queensland (Acting Hatchery Manager). Initial hatchery, live food tank, and seawater intake pipeline designs and construction; training hatchery technicians culture methods; broodstock prawn maintenance, giant clam culture, all biological needs.

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January - May 1983:

Coral trout dive survey (and giant clam survey) on 57 reefs in the central to north-central Great Barrier Reef; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

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July - November 1982:

Laboratory Attendant - Pure Science Dept., St. Clare's College, Waverley, part-time; oyster farming at Drake Brothers' Oyster Farm, Oatley, N.S.W., part-time. Both jobs while beginning Ph.D. at University of N.S.W.

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December 1981 - June 1982:

Private research on giant clams, north-central Great Barrier Reef and Port Moresby, PNG.

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May - November 1981:

Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants. Mangrove restoration project in the aftermath of an oil spill.

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May - September 1981:

Water and Energy Resources Centre of the Western Pacific. Water quality control collection/testing.

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August 1979 - May 1981:

Graduate research assistant at the Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, chlorine bioassay study on early life stages of marine organisms; giant freshwater prawn hatchery construction and daily operation.

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June - August 1979:

Larval rearing and phytoplankton culture at the Micronesian Mariculture Demonstration Centre, Palau, W. Caroline Islands (oysters, giant clams, trochus).

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January 1979 - May 1979:

Marine Laboratory, University of Guam graduate research assistant.

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November 1976 - December 1978:

Fishery Officer - Eastern Solomon Islands and Lobster Project Officer, Fisheries Division, Solomon Islands. Lobster and fin fish marketing, and infrastructure; sea turtle tagging; oyster culture project.

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March 1973 - September 1976:

Smithsonian-Peace Corps Environmental Program; Marine Biologist, Fisheries Division, Tonga Islands. Responsibilities included sea turtle nesting surveys, hatching/rearing, fishponds (milkfish, tilapia, mollies), prawn trawling survey in major lagoonal area of Tongatapu, oyster and mussel culture projects, marine parks site choices, development of a fisheries marine station.

 

SKILLS, TRAVEL, MEMBERSHIP

• Certified SCUBA diver and Commercial Diver AS. 2815.1, certificate no. 0895 [note: a dive accident occurred in 1996, whilst working for Asian Development Bank in the Cook Islands; that dive resulted in damage to the retina of both eyes which subsequently required laser and cryo-surgery. Eye doctor advises not wise for SCUBA diving; only snorkeling for work]

• Small boat handling [Queensland Speedboat License No. 171080 issued 21.11.85]

• Senior First Aid 2008-9.

• Photography (land and underwater)

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Languages & degree of proficiency:

• English: First language

• Bahasa Indonesia: Very good

• Tongan: Some, understanding

• Pidgin English: Some understanding

• French: Some understanding

• Spanish: Some understanding

• Bengali (Bangla): Some understanding

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I have visited the following Indo-Pacific and Asian countries on work related to Coral Reef Fisheries, Aquaculture, or Marine Biology:

Amer. Samoa, New Zealand, Tokelau, Cook Islands, New Caledonia, Tonga, Fiji, Palau, Truk, Guam, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu,  Hawaii, USA, Philippines, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, W. Samoa, Kiribati, French Polynesia and Bangladesh.

 

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

Member:

• World Aquaculture Society (WAS) and charter member WAS Asian Pacific Chapter.

• Private Aquaculture Consultancy Business, AQUASEARCH, registered in Queensland 23 July 1987.

Community Service:

• Charter Member of the Magnetic Island Rotary Club from June 2002.

• Charter Member and committee member for Tourism Operators and Businesses Magnetic Island [TOBMI] Association in December 2009. Promoting Magnetic Island as a premier tourist destination.

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PUBLICATIONS

• Braley, R. 1978. A mangrove oyster study at Star Harbour, Solomon Islands. South Pacific Commission Fisheries Newsletter 17:1-7.

• Braley, R.D. 1979. Penaeid prawns in Fanga'uta Lagoon, Tongatapu. Pacific Science 33(3):315-321.

• Braley, R.D. 1981. Reproductive periodicity in the indigenous oyster Saccostrea cucullata in Guam. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Guam Marine Laboratory, 48p (revised manuscript published in Marine Biology 69(2):165-173, 1982.

• Amesbury, S.S., M. Colgan, R. Braley, and A. Bowden. 1980. Environmental monitoring study of airport runway expansion site, Moen, Truk, Eastern Caroline Islands. Part B. Monitoring study. Report 2: 1980 survey. Tech. rept. prepared for Dept. of the U.S. Navy, Pac. Div.; Misc. rept. no. 30, Marine Lab., 59p. (I covered all invertebrates excluding scleractinian corals).

• Marsh, J.A., D.B. Matlock, B.R. Best, and R.D. Braley. 1981. Toxicity bioassay for the Piti Power Plant, Guam, M.I. on the effects of total residual chlorine on the early life stages of selected tropical marine species. Tech. rept. prepared for U.S. Navy Public Works Centre, Guam. Tech. rept. no. 68, Univ. of Guam Marine Lab., 59p.

• Best, B.R., R.D. Braley, J.A. Marsh, and D.B. Matlock. 1981. Effect of chlorine on some coral reef phytoplankters and invertebrate larvae. Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, 18-22 May 1981. vol. 1:169-172.

• Braley, R.D., A. Body, and T. Murai. 1892. Preparation and care of marine/estuarine algal monocultures. University of New South Wales - School of Zoology Misc. rept. 18p.

• Braley, R.D. 1984. Mariculture potential of introduced oysters Saccostrea cucullata tuberculata and Crassostrea echinata, and a histological study of reproduction on C. echinta in Sasa Bay, Apra Harbor, Guam. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35:129-141.

• Braley, R.D. 1984. Giant clams. Australian Natural History 21(6):256-258.

• Braley, R.D. 1984. Reproduction in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa in situ on the North-Central Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs 3:221-227.

• Braley, R.D. 1985. Serotonin-induced spawning in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture 47:321-325.

• Braley, R.D. 1986. Developments in giant clam culture. Australian Fisheries (Jan. ‘86) 45(1):7-9.

• Braley, R.D. 1986. Reproduction and Recruitment of Giant Clams and some Aspects of their Larval and Juvenile Biology. PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, 297p incl. tables, figs., and appendices.

• Braley, R.D. 1987. Reproduction and Recruitment of Giant Clams (Tridacnidae) and Dietary Preference of Larvae of Tridacna. Final rept. on MST Grant file no. 83/11741, 332p incl. tables, figs., and appendices.

• Braley, R.D. 1987. Giant Clam Entry - Family Tridacnidae. For inclusion into the CITES IDENTIFICATION MANUAL; prepared for the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. 24p.

• Braley, R.D. 1987. Report on a Giant Clam Recruitment Mapping Survey at Lizard Island in early April 1987. Rept. to GBRMPA, Townsville. 8p. + 11 fig. + 1 table.

• Braley, R.D. 1987. Distribution and Abundance of the Giant Clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa on the Great Barrier Reef. Micronesica 20:215-223.

• Braley, R.D. 1987. Spatial Distribution and Population Parameters of Tridacna gigas and T. derasa. Micronesica 20:225-246.

• Braley, R.D. 1988. The Status of Giant Clam Stock and Potential for Clam Mariculture in Tuvalu. Rept. for FAO South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project and Tuvalu Fisheries Division, 41p + 55p tables, figs., and appendices.

• Alder, J., and R.D. Braley. 1988. Mass mortalities of giant clams on the Great Barrier Reef, p. 230 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Braley, R.D. 1988. Reproductive condition and season of the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa utilising a gonad biopsy technique. pp.98-103 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Braley, R.D., C.M. Crawford, J.S. Lucas, S.L. Lindsay, W.J. Nash, and S.P. Westmore. 1988. Comparison of Different Hatchery and Nursery Culture Methods for the Giant Clam Tridacna gigas. pp. 110-114 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Braley, R.D. 1988. Recruitment of the Giant Clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa at four sites on the Great Barrier Reef. pp. 73-77 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Crawford, C.M., R.D. Braley, and W.J. Nash. 1988. Interspecific growth rates of cultured giant clams on the Great Barrier Reef. pp. 193-196 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Estacion, J. and R.D. Braley. 1988. A study of Intertidal Ponding Culture with T. gigas juveniles. pp. 191-192 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Barker, J.R., C.M. Crawford, C. Shelley, R.D. Braley, J.S. Lucas, W.J. Nash, and S. Lindsay. 1988. Ocean-nursery technology and production data from lines and covers for the Giant Clam, Tridacna gigas. pp. 225-228 In, Copland, J.W. and J.S. Lucas (eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph no. 9, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 274p.

• Braley, R.D. 1989. Farming Giant Clams. World Aquaculture 20(1):6-17.

• Alder, J., and R.D. Braley. 1989. Serious mortality in populations of giant clams on reefs surrounding Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Austr. J. Mar. and Freshw. Res. 40(2):205-213.

• Braley, R.D. 1989. A giant clam stock survey and preliminary investigation of pearl oyster resources in the Tokelau Islands. Prepared for the Dept. of Agriculture and Fisheries, Tokelau Affairs Office (Apia, W. Samoa) and the FAO South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project (Suva, Fiji). 52p + 65p figs. and appendices.

• Lucas, J.S., W.J. Nash, and R.D. Braley. 1989. Recent advances in mariculture of the giant clam Tridacna gigas. In E.A. Chavez (ed.), Proc. of the Workshop Australia-Mexico on Marine Sciences, Mexico. pp 457-467.

• Lucas, J.S., W.J. Nash, C.M. Crawford and R.D. Braley. 1990. Environmental Influences on Growth and Survival During the Ocean-Nursery Rearing of Giant Clams, Tridacna gigas (L.). Aquaculture 80:45-61.

• Lucas, J.S., E. Ledua, and R.D. Braley. 1990. A new species of giant clam (Tridanidae) from Fiji and Tonga. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research working paper no. 33, 8p.

• Braley, R.D. 1990. Manual for the culturing of giant clams. Publication of James Cook University, 108p.

• Lucas, J.S., E. Ledua, and R.D. Braley. 1991. Tridacna tevoroa Lucas, Ledua and Braley: A recently-described species of giant clam (bivalvia:Tridacnidae) from Fiji and Tonga. The Nautilus 105(3):92-103.

• Braley, R.D. 1992. Improved method to ship Tridacna gigas seed. Aquaculture 102:193-199.

• Braley, R.D., D. Sutton, S.S.M. Mingoa, and P.C. Southgate. 1992. Passive greenhouse heating, recirculation, and nutrient addition on nursery phase Tridacna gigas: growth boost during winter months. Aquaculture 108:29-50.

• Braley, R.D. (ed.) 1992. The Giant Clam: A Hatchery and Nursery Culture Manual. ACIAR Monograph no. 15. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 144p.

• Braley, R.D. 1992. Giant clam culture: hatchery and land-based nursery - pros and cons of methodologies. pp. 87-93, In, Fitt, W.K. (ed.), The biology and mariculture of giant clams: a workshop held in conjunction with the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium 21-26 June 1992, Guam, U.S.A. ACIAR Proceedings no. 47, 154p.

• Lucas, J.S., S.R. Lindsay, R.D. Braley, J.R. Whitford, and K. Cowden. 1992. Density of clams and depth reduce growth in grow-out culture of Tridacna gigas. pp. 67-73, In, Fitt, W.K. (ed.), The biology and mariculture of giant clams: A workshop held in conjunction with the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium 21-26 June 1992, Guam, U.S.A. ACIAR Proceedings no. 47, 154p.

• Ledua, E., N. Manu, and R. Braley. 1992. Distribution, habitat and culture of the recently described giant clam Tridacna tevoroa in Fiji and Tonga. pp. 147-153, In, Fitt, W.K. (ed.), The biology and mariculture of giant clams: a workshop held in conjunction with the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium 21-26 June 1992, Guam, U.S.A. ACIAR Proceedings no. 47, 154p.

• Fitt, W.K., Rees, T.A.V., Braley, R.D., Lucas J. S. , and D. Yellowlees. 1993. Nitrogen flux in giant clams: size-dependency and relationship to zooxanthellae density and clam biomass in the uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Marine Biology 117: 381-386/. doi:10.1007/BF00349313

• Southgate, P.C., and R.D.Braley.(in prep.). Large-scale rearing of giant clam (Tridacna gigas) larvae on an artificial diet.

• Braley, R.D. (in press). Giant Clams (Family Tridacnidae). A chapter for inclusion in a book on the Ecology of Indonesian Seas (Tomascik, T. (ed.)).

• Braley, R.D. and Muir, F. 1995. The case history of a large natural cohort of the giant clam Tridacna gigas (Fam. Tridacnidae) and the implications for re-stocking depauperate reefs with maricultured giant clams. Asian Fish. Sci. 8:229-237.

• Tetelepta, C.H.A., and Braley, R.D. 1996. Growth and survival of the giant clam Tridacna derasa in a pond with subsequent release to ocean nursery culture in eastern Indonesia. Perairan Maluku dan Sekitarnya (LIPI journal), vol. 10:71-79.

• Braley, R.D. and Rachman, A. 1996. Technical Note: A successful protocol for the hatchery and land nursery culture of giant clams (Fam. Tridacnidae). Perairan Maluku dan Sekitarnya (LIPI journal), vol. 10:81-85.

• Braley, R.D. 1996. The Importance of Aquaculture and Establishment of Reserves for the Restocking of Giant Clams on Overharvested Reefs in the Indo-Pacific Region. pp 136-147 in Heggberget, T.G., editor. 1996. The role of aquaculture in world fisheries. Proc. of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 6. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pty Ltd., New Delhi.

• Braley, R.D. and Healy, J.M. (1998). Superfamily Tridacnoidea. Pp. 332-336 in Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds.) Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis, Fauna of Australia. Vol. 5. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Part A v 1-563 pp.

• Braley, R.D. (1998). A follow-up on the translocations of cultured giant clams (Fam. Tridacnidae) from Australia to the Philippines and Pacific Islands - growth and survival. Presented at the World Aquaculture Society meeting in Las Vegas 15-19 Feb. 1998.

• Braley, R.D. (1998). Sedimentation rates associated with the longline culture of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, at Penrhyn atoll, Cook Islands. Presented at the World Aquaculture Society meeting in Las Vegas 15-19 Feb. 1998.

• Braley. R.D. (1999). Aquacultured giant clams, Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus, used as the main biofilter in a saltwater aquarium recirculation system. Submit or the World Aquaculture Society meeting in Sydney 26 April - 2 May 1999.

• Braley, R.D. (2001). Aquacultured giant clams, Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus, used as the main biofilter in a saltwater aquarium recirculation system. SPC Trochus Bulletin No. 8:24-27.

• Southgate, P.C., Braley, R.D., and Militz, T.A., 2016. Embryonic and larval development of the giant clam Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) (Cardiidae: Tridacninae). J. Shellfish Res. 35, 777–783.

• Southgate, P.C., Braley, R.D., and Militz, T.A., 2017. Ingestion and digestion of micro-algae concentrates by veliger larvae of the giant clam, Tridacna noae. Aquaculture 473, 443–448.

• Militz, TA,  Braley, RD, and Southgate, PC, 2017.  Captive Hybridization of the Giant Clams Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) and Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798).   J.  Shellfish Res.  36(3):585-591.

• Braley, RD, , Militz,TA,  and Southgate, PC.  2018.  Comparison of three hatchery culture  methods for the giant clam Tridacna noae.  Aquaculture 495, 881-887.

• Braley, RD, , Militz, TA,  and Southgate, PC.  2018. Autofluorescence in embryos and larvae of the giant clam Tridacna noae: challenges and opportunities for epifluorescence microscopy.  Journal of Molluscan Studies, Volume 84, Issue 4, November 2018, Pages 463–468,  https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyy043 93/ molluscs/eyy043.

• Militz, TA, Braley, RD, and Southgate, PC, 2021.  Factors influencing the capacity for pediveliger larvae of the giant clam, Tridacna noae, to ingest and digest cells of microalgae concentrates.  Aquaculture Volume 533, 25 February 2021, 736121

• Braley, RD, 2023.  A population study of giant clams (Tridacninae\0 on the Great Barrier Reef over three-decades.Molluscan Research 43(2):19 p

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MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS

• Braley, R.D. 1991. SPC Pearl Oyster Info. Bull. 2: [re. Tokelau Islands and potential pearl culture].

• Braley, R.D. 1993. MSEP reports Indonesia [Basic Hatchery Operation (121p.), Reproduction and gonad development in tropical bivalves (75p.); Final Report (68p.).

• Braley, R.D., Tetelepta, C., and Mosse, J. 1993. SPC Pearl Oyster Info. Bull. 6:10-11 [re. pearl production in Maluku Province, Indonesia].

• Braley, R.D., Tetelepta, C., Mosse, J. 1993. SPC Trochus Info. Bull. 2:4-5.

• Braley, R.D. 1994. MSEP reports Indonesia [Notes on Hatchery Management (41p. + append.); Notes on Hatchery Hygiene (20p. + append.); End of Assignment Report (35p. + append.) at UNHAS; Maintenance of Rotifer Stock Cultures (24p. + fig.); End of Assignment Report (28p. + append.) at UNPATTI.

• Braley, R.D. and Rachman, A. 1995. SPC Pearl Info. Bull. 8:9 [re. pearl production in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia].

• Braley, R.D. and Rachman, A. 1995. SPC Trochus Info. Bull. 4.

• Braley, R.D. 1995. MSEP reports Indonesia [SUPPLIES for Seawater Systems (20p. + 82p. append.); End of Assignment Reports...6 reports, one per University: Hasanuddin University, Pattimura University, Sam Ratulangi University, Diponegoro University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Riau University].

• Braley, R.D., M.B. Marsters, R. Taime. 1997. Trochus niloticus spawnings at Tongareva Marine Research Centre, Penrhyn Atoll, Cook Islands. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin 5:24-25.

• Braley, R.D. and Munro, D. 1997. Preference for Spat Collector Materials in Tanks by Larvae of Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus) at Penrhyn Atoll, Cook Islands. SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin 10:8-11.

• Braley, R.D. 1997. Tongareva Marine Research Centre (TMRC) - Penrhyn Atoll, Northern Cook Islands; an Update on the modifications to the Pinctada margaritifera hatchery, seawater systems and activities. SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin 10:11-14.

• Braley, R.D. 1998. Major success for TMRC blacklip pearl oyster hatchery, Penrhyn Atoll, Northern Cook Islands. SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin 11:5.

• Braley, R.D. 1998. Identification and tagging of giant clams project. Prepared for the Commercial and Legal Office, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld., Australia.

• Braley, R.D. 1999. A follow-up on the translocations of cultured giant clams (Fam. Tridacnidae) from Australia to the World Aquaculture Society, Las Vegas 15-19 Feb. 1998.

• Braley, R.D. 1999. Sedimentation rates associated with the longline culture of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, at Penrhyn Atoll, Cook Islands. Presented at the World Aquaculture Society meeting in Las Vegas 15-19 Feb. 1998

• Braley. R.D. 2000. Aquacultured giant clams, Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus, used as the main biofilter in a saltwater aquarium recirculation system. Submitted for the World Aquaculture Society meeting in Sydney 26 April - 2 May 1999.  

• Braley, R.D. 2000. A feability study on the potential of a multi-species hatchery in the Torres Strait Islands. Prepared for the Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland. 56 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001a. Research Plan Report. ARMP report, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 63 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001b. Feasibility report on the mass seed production of several commercially important brackishwater species at the Brackishwater Station, Paikgacha. ARMP report: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 32 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001c. Quarterly report 1. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 13 pp

• Braley, R.D. 2001d. Research report on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), the giant freshwater prawn.

• Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 23 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001e. Research report on Scylla serrata, the mud crab.. Winrock International Institute for

• Agricultural Development. 28 pp. Bangladesh.

• Braley, R.D. 2001f. Research report on Lates calcarifer, the seabass. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 23 pp. Bangladesh.  

• Braley, R.D. 2001g. Quarterly Report 2. ARMP report. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 36 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001h. Manual for the operation of the hatchery at the Brackishwater Station, Paikgacha, Khulna. ARMP report: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 108 pp.

• Braley, R.D. 2001i. Quarterly (Final) Report 3. . Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 52 pp.

• Braley, R.D., 2019.  Final Protocol or Standard Operating Procedure for Tahiti Marine Aquaculture:  hatchery, land nursery, and ocean nursery.   Produced for Tahiti Marine Aquaculture and Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 39 pp.

• Braley, R.D., 2019.  Final Report on the Tahiti Marine Aquaculture (TMA) giant clam hatchery and nursery and allocated staff, under Contract n*CPSI9/319 project for a Giant clam hatchery training consultancy for Tahiti Marine Aquaculture in French Polynesia. Produced for Tahiti Marine Aquaculture and Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 41 pp.

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REFEREES

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Dr. Walter Starck

Golden Dolphin CD Magazine

1 Horseshoe Bay Rd., Magnetic Island, Qld. 4819 AUSTRALIA
P: 61 7 47 721364
E: wstarck@gmail.com or wstarck@goldendolphin.com

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Prof. Paul Southgate

Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering

University of the Sunshine Coast

Maroochydore DC, Qld. 4558 AUSTRALIA

P: +61 7 5456 3756

E:  psouthgate@usc.edu.au